State citizens become also federal citizens, and naturalization criteria are established federally.Ĥ. Conversely, federal law applies directly to individuals, through federal courts and agencies, rather than to member states as in confederation.ģ. The federal government’s most important figures, the legislative, are elected largely by the individual citizens, rather than being primarily selected by the governments of member states as in confederation.Ģ. The main distinguishing characteristics of the model of modern federation, elucidated and defended by The Federalist Papers, are as follows:ġ. All subsequent federalism has been influenced by the example of “federation” in the United States indeed, the success of it in the United States has led to its being known as “modern federation” in contrast to “classical confederation.” In its basic structures and principles, it has served as the model for most subsequent federal unions, as well as for the reform of older confederacies such as Switzerland. The Federalist Papers defended a new form of federalism: what it called “federation” as differentiated from “confederation.” There were precursors for this usage The Federalist Papers solidified it. MODERN FEDERATION AS EXPOUNDED BY THE FEDERALIST 4 THE FEDERALIST AND THE GLOBAL SPREAD OF MODERN FEDERATION.2 AMBIGUITIES OF COORDINATE FEDERALISM IN THE FEDERALIST.1 MODERN FEDERATION AS EXPOUNDED BY THE FEDERALIST.In this capacity they have played a significant role in the spread of federal, democratic, and constitutional governments around the world. The Federalist Papers are studied by jurists and legal scholars and cited for writing other countries’ constitutions. Hamilton is held in high esteem abroad: while in America his realist style is received with suspicion of undemocratic intentions, abroad it is taken as a reassurance of solidity, and it is the Jeffersonian idealist style that is received with suspicion of hidden intentions. The Federalist Papers are also admired abroad-sometimes more than in the United States. Despite this, The Federalist can be and frequently has been referred to for its exposition of Hamilton’s position on executive authority, judicial review, and other institutional aspects of the Constitution. Instead, he expressed himself indirectly, arguing that the only real danger would arise from the potential weaknesses of the central government under the Constitution, not from its potentialities for greater strength as charged by its opponents. They are frequently cited for discerning the meaning of the Constitution and the intentions of the founders, although Hamilton’s papers are not always reliable as an exposition of his views: in The Federalist, Hamilton took care to avoid coming out clearly with his views on either the inadequacies of the Constitution or the potentiality for using it dynamically. The Federalist was the title under which Hamilton collected the papers for publication as a book.ĭespite their polemical origin, the papers are widely viewed as the best work of political philosophy produced in the United States, and as the best expositions of the Constitution to be found amidst all the ratification debates. Initiated by Alexander Hamilton, the series came to eighty-five articles, the majority by Hamilton himself, twenty-six by James Madison, and five by John Jay. Published anonymously under the pen name of “Publius,” they were written primarily for instrumental political purposes: to promote ratification of the Constitution and defend it against its critics. The Federalist Papers originated as a series of articles in a New York newspaper in 1787–88.
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